set.seed(42)
library(dplyr)
setwd("~/Projects/companies-bankruptcy-forecast/src")

Read all the data

bankruptcy_data <- read.csv('../data/bankruptcy_Train.csv')
head(bankruptcy_data)
summary(bankruptcy_data)
     Attr1               Attr2                Attr3                Attr4         
 Min.   : -9.47479   Min.   :-140.60456   Min.   :-25.597146   Min.   :-0.38164  
 1st Qu.: -0.07978   1st Qu.:  -0.05560   1st Qu.: -0.516971   1st Qu.:-0.19231  
 Median : -0.01920   Median :   0.00025   Median :  0.003186   Median :-0.11797  
 Mean   :  0.00795   Mean   :  -0.00714   Mean   : -0.003544   Mean   : 0.00500  
 3rd Qu.:  0.08122   3rd Qu.:   0.05696   3rd Qu.:  0.585722   3rd Qu.: 0.02271  
 Max.   :137.55787   Max.   :   2.00493   Max.   :  3.324327   Max.   :60.82546  
     Attr5                Attr6               Attr7                Attr8         
 Min.   :-138.72001   Min.   :-26.24956   Min.   :-141.17661   Min.   :-0.96602  
 1st Qu.:   0.00680   1st Qu.: -0.01605   1st Qu.:  -0.00802   1st Qu.:-0.44567  
 Median :   0.00730   Median : -0.01605   Median :   0.00428   Median :-0.26015  
 Mean   :  -0.00469   Mean   :  0.00146   Mean   :  -0.00696   Mean   : 0.00905  
 3rd Qu.:   0.00775   3rd Qu.:  0.01603   3rd Qu.:   0.02422   3rd Qu.: 0.09887  
 Max.   :  11.55624   Max.   :121.35474   Max.   :   0.62309   Max.   :47.50446  
     Attr9              Attr10              Attr11              Attr12         
 Min.   :-1.29434   Min.   : -2.52849   Min.   :-97.17275   Min.   :-77.27959  
 1st Qu.:-0.38818   1st Qu.: -0.06858   1st Qu.: -0.30578   1st Qu.: -0.16155  
 Median :-0.30784   Median :  0.00025   Median : -0.05133   Median : -0.09460  
 Mean   : 0.00676   Mean   :  0.00746   Mean   : -0.00209   Mean   : -0.00650  
 3rd Qu.: 0.15664   3rd Qu.:  0.07004   3rd Qu.:  0.31693   3rd Qu.:  0.05667  
 Max.   :62.93640   Max.   :140.12330   Max.   : 11.36780   Max.   : 15.02956  
     Attr13             Attr14               Attr15              Attr16        
 Min.   :-4.25256   Min.   :-141.17661   Min.   :-64.25595   Min.   :-7.24322  
 1st Qu.:-0.01219   1st Qu.:  -0.00802   1st Qu.: -0.02051   1st Qu.:-0.42562  
 Median :-0.01126   Median :   0.00429   Median : -0.01194   Median :-0.24440  
 Mean   :-0.00563   Mean   :  -0.00696   Mean   : -0.00499   Mean   : 0.00457  
 3rd Qu.:-0.00996   3rd Qu.:   0.02423   3rd Qu.:  0.00500   3rd Qu.: 0.11749  
 Max.   :62.37751   Max.   :   0.62309   Max.   : 92.51573   Max.   :30.01611  
     Attr17             Attr18               Attr19              Attr20        
 Min.   :-1.01052   Min.   :-139.01042   Min.   :-98.84424   Min.   :-0.07366  
 1st Qu.:-0.44571   1st Qu.:  -0.01003   1st Qu.:  0.00136   1st Qu.:-0.05052  
 Median :-0.26087   Median :   0.00208   Median :  0.01653   Median :-0.02890  
 Mean   : 0.00856   Mean   :  -0.00765   Mean   : -0.00397   Mean   :-0.00733  
 3rd Qu.: 0.09559   3rd Qu.:   0.02172   3rd Qu.:  0.04223   3rd Qu.: 0.00122  
 Max.   :45.28443   Max.   :  13.49006   Max.   :  1.34996   Max.   :47.02586  
     Attr21              Attr22               Attr23              Attr24         
 Min.   : -0.02006   Min.   :-100.67115   Min.   :-99.02106   Min.   :-89.68945  
 1st Qu.: -0.01622   1st Qu.:  -0.33472   1st Qu.:  0.00436   1st Qu.: -0.03950  
 Median : -0.01569   Median :  -0.07019   Median :  0.01734   Median : -0.00487  
 Mean   :  0.01033   Mean   :  -0.00458   Mean   : -0.00328   Mean   : -0.01159  
 3rd Qu.: -0.01503   3rd Qu.:   0.29828   3rd Qu.:  0.03938   3rd Qu.:  0.04440  
 Max.   :123.12321   Max.   :   9.77809   Max.   :  1.35620   Max.   : 28.45007  
     Attr25              Attr26             Attr27              Attr28        
 Min.   : -7.49353   Min.   :-7.83437   Min.   : -0.18427   Min.   :-2.38889  
 1st Qu.: -0.17672   1st Qu.:-0.40938   1st Qu.: -0.00998   1st Qu.:-0.02109  
 Median :  0.02746   Median :-0.23293   Median : -0.00995   Median :-0.01824  
 Mean   :  0.00658   Mean   : 0.00499   Mean   :  0.00505   Mean   :-0.00324  
 3rd Qu.:  0.21743   3rd Qu.: 0.10851   3rd Qu.: -0.00986   3rd Qu.:-0.01315  
 Max.   :130.85159   Max.   :26.31755   Max.   :133.59519   Max.   :57.68191  
     Attr29              Attr30             Attr31              Attr32        
 Min.   :-7.035371   Min.   :-0.23361   Min.   :-92.35599   Min.   :-0.03522  
 1st Qu.:-0.639265   1st Qu.:-0.02310   1st Qu.: -0.00173   1st Qu.:-0.02433  
 Median :-0.046048   Median :-0.01903   Median :  0.01612   Median :-0.01982  
 Mean   : 0.000412   Mean   :-0.00759   Mean   : -0.00328   Mean   :-0.00688  
 3rd Qu.: 0.602427   3rd Qu.:-0.01301   3rd Qu.:  0.04370   3rd Qu.:-0.01319  
 Max.   : 4.926552   Max.   :25.00019   Max.   :  2.98068   Max.   :35.01931  
     Attr33             Attr34             Attr35              Attr36        
 Min.   :-3.44220   Min.   :-2.41553   Min.   :-81.57126   Min.   :-1.49579  
 1st Qu.:-0.38248   1st Qu.:-0.61725   1st Qu.: -0.36291   1st Qu.:-0.59458  
 Median :-0.18186   Median :-0.31256   Median : -0.08077   Median :-0.19602  
 Mean   : 0.02274   Mean   : 0.01194   Mean   : -0.00410   Mean   : 0.00934  
 3rd Qu.: 0.13744   3rd Qu.: 0.30927   3rd Qu.:  0.33797   3rd Qu.: 0.35206  
 Max.   :67.72026   Max.   :29.36014   Max.   : 11.90836   Max.   :54.77160  
     Attr37              Attr38              Attr39              Attr40        
 Min.   : -0.03540   Min.   : -0.95328   Min.   :-86.74667   Min.   :-3.32575  
 1st Qu.: -0.03438   1st Qu.: -0.04530   1st Qu.: -0.01169   1st Qu.:-0.13731  
 Median : -0.03377   Median :  0.00095   Median :  0.01129   Median :-0.10939  
 Mean   :  0.00543   Mean   :  0.00747   Mean   : -0.00088   Mean   :-0.00199  
 3rd Qu.: -0.03113   3rd Qu.:  0.04301   3rd Qu.:  0.04698   3rd Qu.:-0.02434  
 Max.   :118.20801   Max.   :140.88439   Max.   :  1.73931   Max.   :50.83038  
     Attr41              Attr42              Attr43              Attr44         
 Min.   :-0.366493   Min.   :-91.70980   Min.   :-0.032807   Min.   :-0.022776  
 1st Qu.:-0.007438   1st Qu.: -0.00920   1st Qu.:-0.020529   1st Qu.:-0.016182  
 Median :-0.007407   Median :  0.00977   Median :-0.015198   Median :-0.012846  
 Mean   :-0.007309   Mean   : -0.00506   Mean   :-0.010585   Mean   :-0.009997  
 3rd Qu.:-0.007351   3rd Qu.:  0.03621   3rd Qu.:-0.008682   3rd Qu.:-0.008601  
 Max.   : 0.189483   Max.   : 25.38972   Max.   :11.279457   Max.   : 4.355692  
     Attr45               Attr46             Attr47             Attr48         
 Min.   :-140.72507   Min.   :-2.56878   Min.   :-0.07011   Min.   :-88.95798  
 1st Qu.:   0.00385   1st Qu.:-0.18380   1st Qu.:-0.03502   1st Qu.: -0.22455  
 Median :   0.00429   Median :-0.10800   Median :-0.02637   Median : -0.00436  
 Mean   :  -0.00614   Mean   : 0.00311   Mean   :-0.00467   Mean   : -0.00641  
 3rd Qu.:   0.00529   3rd Qu.: 0.01823   3rd Qu.:-0.01454   3rd Qu.:  0.29961  
 Max.   :   4.52998   Max.   :58.06043   Max.   :66.35172   Max.   :  8.01754  
     Attr49              Attr50             Attr51             Attr52        
 Min.   :-86.86652   Min.   :-0.99149   Min.   :-1.56028   Min.   :-0.03462  
 1st Qu.:  0.00594   1st Qu.:-0.47916   1st Qu.:-0.67117   1st Qu.:-0.02372  
 Median :  0.02456   Median :-0.23076   Median :-0.14449   Median :-0.01924  
 Mean   : -0.00064   Mean   : 0.00098   Mean   :-0.00185   Mean   :-0.00729  
 3rd Qu.:  0.04744   3rd Qu.: 0.13998   3rd Qu.: 0.49283   3rd Qu.:-0.01262  
 Max.   :  1.30222   Max.   :24.14990   Max.   :46.28028   Max.   :35.09456  
     Attr53               Attr54             Attr55               Attr56         
 Min.   :-14.895609   Min.   :-2.44303   Min.   :-19.007973   Min.   :-1.657288  
 1st Qu.: -0.029205   1st Qu.:-0.02077   1st Qu.: -0.127228   1st Qu.: 0.009315  
 Median : -0.018638   Median :-0.01777   Median : -0.101706   Median : 0.009838  
 Mean   : -0.007953   Mean   :-0.00311   Mean   : -0.008807   Mean   : 0.009804  
 3rd Qu.: -0.004382   3rd Qu.:-0.01274   3rd Qu.: -0.021740   3rd Qu.: 0.010693  
 Max.   : 16.960384   Max.   :58.49808   Max.   : 22.759195   Max.   : 0.036727  
     Attr57              Attr58              Attr59              Attr60         
 Min.   :-42.38124   Min.   :-0.037484   Min.   :-3.218490   Min.   : -0.04860  
 1st Qu.:  0.00320   1st Qu.:-0.010766   1st Qu.:-0.022740   1st Qu.: -0.04342  
 Median :  0.01001   Median :-0.009924   Median :-0.020438   Median : -0.03993  
 Mean   :  0.00521   Mean   :-0.009751   Mean   :-0.002655   Mean   :  0.00455  
 3rd Qu.:  0.01990   3rd Qu.:-0.009416   3rd Qu.:-0.014401   3rd Qu.: -0.03182  
 Max.   : 37.40531   Max.   : 2.551674   Max.   :27.969785   Max.   :117.34107  
     Attr61             Attr62              Attr63             Attr64        
 Min.   :-0.41252   Min.   :-0.022204   Min.   :-0.74330   Min.   :-0.05097  
 1st Qu.:-0.22124   1st Qu.:-0.016847   1st Qu.:-0.37138   1st Qu.:-0.04160  
 Median :-0.13965   Median :-0.013821   Median :-0.18031   Median :-0.03432  
 Mean   : 0.01433   Mean   :-0.006864   Mean   : 0.02075   Mean   :-0.00398  
 3rd Qu.:-0.00221   3rd Qu.:-0.009476   3rd Qu.: 0.13324   3rd Qu.:-0.02051  
 Max.   :59.13916   Max.   :23.970250   Max.   :62.52724   Max.   :90.77469  
     class       
 Min.   :0.0000  
 1st Qu.:0.0000  
 Median :0.0000  
 Mean   :0.0203  
 3rd Qu.:0.0000  
 Max.   :1.0000  

Pre-process : Scale the data

na.omit(bankruptcy_data)
# removing those observation rows with 0 in any of the variables
for (i in 1:64) {
      bankruptcy_data <- bankruptcy_data[which(bankruptcy_data[, i] != 0), ]
}
dim(bankruptcy_data)
[1] 10000    65

# scale the covariates for easier comparison of coefficient posteriors

for (i in 1:64) {
      bankruptcy_data[i] <- scale(bankruptcy_data[i])
}
dim(bankruptcy_data)
[1] 10000    65
str(bankruptcy_data)
'data.frame':   10000 obs. of  65 variables:
 $ Attr1 : num [1:10000, 1] -0.0283 -0.1716 -0.0477 -0.0554 0.1636 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr1"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.00795
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr1"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.4
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr1"
 $ Attr2 : num [1:10000, 1] -0.0597 -0.03 0.0512 0.0367 -0.0318 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr2"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00714
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr2"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.41
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr2"
 $ Attr3 : num [1:10000, 1] -0.0362 0.3032 -0.4775 -0.1754 0.6715 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr3"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00354
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr3"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.02
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr3"
 $ Attr4 : num [1:10000, 1] -0.0204 -0.0947 -0.2142 -0.1597 -0.0217 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr4"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.005
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr4"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.908
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr4"
 $ Attr5 : num [1:10000, 1] 0.00867 0.00875 0.00807 0.00872 0.00901 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr5"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00469
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr5"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.39
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr5"
 $ Attr6 : num [1:10000, 1] -0.0136 -0.0136 -0.0136 -0.00961 -0.0136 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr6"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.00146
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr6"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.29
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr6"
 $ Attr7 : num [1:10000, 1] 0.004743 -0.019823 0.001422 0.000966 0.045579 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr7"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00696
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr7"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.41
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr7"
 $ Attr8 : num [1:10000, 1] 0.5939 0.0617 -0.4372 -0.4435 0.0828 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr8"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.00905
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr8"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.06
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr8"
 $ Attr9 : num [1:10000, 1] -0.645 0.395 0.225 -0.251 0.356 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr9"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.00676
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr9"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.17
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr9"
 $ Attr10: num [1:10000, 1] 0.0848 0.0471 -0.056 -0.0659 0.0493 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr10"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.00746
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr10"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.41
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr10"
 $ Attr11: num [1:10000, 1] -0.174 -0.682 0.13 -0.256 0.754 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr11"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00209
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr11"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.22
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr11"
 $ Attr12: num [1:10000, 1] -0.031 -0.302 -0.149 -0.143 0.222 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr12"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.0065
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr12"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.971
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr12"
 $ Attr13: num [1:10000, 1] -0.00846 -0.01186 -0.00972 -0.00859 -0.00523 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr13"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00563
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr13"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.626
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr13"
 $ Attr14: num [1:10000, 1] 0.00474 -0.019826 0.00142 0.000963 0.045577 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr14"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00696
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr14"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.41
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr14"
 $ Attr15: num [1:10000, 1] -0.000257 -0.093636 0.011823 0.041578 -0.013089 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr15"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00499
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr15"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.22
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr15"
 $ Attr16: num [1:10000, 1] -0.249 -0.612 -0.374 -0.462 0.745 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr16"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.00457
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr16"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.993
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr16"
 $ Attr17: num [1:10000, 1] 0.5402 0.0304 -0.4475 -0.3992 0.0506 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr17"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.00856
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr17"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.06
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr17"
 $ Attr18: num [1:10000, 1] 3.75e-03 -2.07e-02 4.49e-04 -4.84e-06 4.44e-02 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr18"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00765
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr18"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.4
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr18"
 $ Attr19: num [1:10000, 1] 0.03004 -0.01983 0.00756 0.0178 0.06443 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr19"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00397
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr19"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.11
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr19"
 $ Attr20: num [1:10000, 1] -0.12763 -0.08226 0.01842 0.00183 -0.07246 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr20"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00733
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr20"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.494
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr20"
 $ Attr21: num [1:10000, 1] -0.0192 -0.0195 -0.0199 -0.0189 -0.0189 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr21"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.0103
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr21"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.4
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr21"
 $ Attr22: num [1:10000, 1] -0.3218 -0.7014 0.1268 -0.0685 0.7035 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr22"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00458
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr22"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.24
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr22"
 $ Attr23: num [1:10000, 1] 0.0329 -0.0171 0.0104 0.0162 0.057 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr23"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00328
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr23"
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  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr23"
 $ Attr24: num [1:10000, 1] 0.00641 0.05489 0.03831 -0.0241 0.1082 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
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  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr24"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.1
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr24"
 $ Attr25: num [1:10000, 1] 0.0321 0.1966 -0.0889 -0.0827 -0.0987 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr25"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.00658
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr25"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.36
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr25"
 $ Attr26: num [1:10000, 1] -0.215 -0.606 -0.35 -0.455 0.681 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr26"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.00499
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr26"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.985
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr26"
 $ Attr27: num [1:10000, 1] -0.0112 -0.012 -0.0112 -0.0112 -0.0106 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr27"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.00505
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr27"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.34
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr27"
 $ Attr28: num [1:10000, 1] -0.025 -0.0195 -0.0275 -0.0254 -0.0137 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr28"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00324
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr28"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.644
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr28"
 $ Attr29: num [1:10000, 1] -0.6279 -1.1622 0.0952 0.2942 -0.499 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr29"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.000412
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr29"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.01
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr29"
 $ Attr30: num [1:10000, 1] -0.022 -0.0405 -0.0211 0.0616 -0.0471 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr30"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00759
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr30"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.361
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr30"
 $ Attr31: num [1:10000, 1] 0.0655 -0.0266 0.0117 0.0137 0.0687 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr31"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00328
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr31"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.06
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr31"
 $ Attr32: num [1:10000, 1] -0.0168 -0.0386 -0.0216 0.0319 -0.0357 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr32"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00688
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr32"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.421
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr32"
 $ Attr33: num [1:10000, 1] -0.331513 -0.000642 -0.290476 -0.508146 -0.077838 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr33"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.0227
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr33"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.18
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr33"
 $ Attr34: num [1:10000, 1] -0.1422 1.1073 0.0437 -0.596 0.8007 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr34"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.0119
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr34"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.1
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr34"
 $ Attr35: num [1:10000, 1] -0.3705 -0.8434 0.6614 -0.0826 0.8662 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr35"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.0041
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr35"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.16
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr35"
 $ Attr36: num [1:10000, 1] -0.90216 0.16551 -0.00931 -0.98988 0.12483 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr36"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.00934
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr36"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.09
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr36"
 $ Attr37: num [1:10000, 1] -0.0307 -0.0232 -0.031 -0.031 -0.0278 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr37"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.00543
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr37"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.29
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr37"
 $ Attr38: num [1:10000, 1] 0.05122 0.00255 -0.02216 -0.0082 0.00866 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr38"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.00747
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr38"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.41
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr38"
 $ Attr39: num [1:10000, 1] -0.0169 -0.0574 0.0768 0.0797 0.0855 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr39"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.000878
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr39"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.903
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr39"
 $ Attr40: num [1:10000, 1] 0.258 -0.121 -0.205 -0.194 0.028 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr40"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00199
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr40"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.709
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr40"
 $ Attr41: num [1:10000, 1] 0.01891 -0.11543 -0.01753 -0.00542 -0.02746 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr41"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00731
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr41"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.00495
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr41"
 $ Attr42: num [1:10000, 1] -0.00824 -0.03205 0.02348 0.05639 0.05782 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr42"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00506
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr42"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.08
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr42"
 $ Attr43: num [1:10000, 1] -0.0698 -0.0469 -0.0384 0.2343 -0.0514 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr43"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.0106
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr43"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.125
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr43"
 $ Attr44: num [1:10000, 1] 0.01443 0.00534 -0.10302 0.48595 -0.01643 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr44"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.01
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr44"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.0633
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr44"
 $ Attr45: num [1:10000, 1] 0.01656 0.00604 0.00712 0.00723 0.00899 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr45"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00614
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr45"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.41
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr45"
 $ Attr46: num [1:10000, 1] 0.1624 -0.0187 -0.2677 -0.0799 0.0526 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr46"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.00311
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr46"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.889
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr46"
 $ Attr47: num [1:10000, 1] -0.0444 -0.03616 -0.00986 -0.01422 -0.03158 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
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  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr47"
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  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr47"
 $ Attr48: num [1:10000, 1] -0.12 -0.6645 0.0772 0.0729 0.5276 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
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  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr48"
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  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr48"
 $ Attr49: num [1:10000, 1] 0.00536 -0.02399 0.03015 0.05771 0.06214 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
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  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.000638
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr49"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.02
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr49"
 $ Attr50: num [1:10000, 1] -0.195 0.188 -0.474 -0.521 0.345 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
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  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr50"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.991
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr50"
 $ Attr51: num [1:10000, 1] -0.9752 -0.0734 0.3761 -0.2531 -0.1982 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
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  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr51"
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  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr51"
 $ Attr52: num [1:10000, 1] -0.0146 -0.037 -0.0195 0.0353 -0.034 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr52"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00729
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr52"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.412
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr52"
 $ Attr53: num [1:10000, 1] -0.0256 0.015 -0.0676 -0.0791 0.0401 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
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  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr53"
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  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr53"
 $ Attr54: num [1:10000, 1] -0.0232 -0.0175 -0.0255 -0.026 -0.0118 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
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  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr54"
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  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr54"
 $ Attr55: num [1:10000, 1] -0.1243 -0.1296 -0.1398 -0.0834 -0.0829 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr55"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00881
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr55"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.819
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr55"
 $ Attr56: num [1:10000, 1] 0.2627 -0.0755 0.0585 0.0506 0.0671 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr56"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.0098
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr56"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.0174
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr56"
 $ Attr57: num [1:10000, 1] 0.000347 -0.018914 0.002186 0.000244 0.027949 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr57"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.00521
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr57"
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  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr57"
 $ Attr58: num [1:10000, 1] -0.1681 0.0415 0.012 -0.0417 -0.05 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr58"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00975
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr58"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.0261
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr58"
 $ Attr59: num [1:10000, 1] -0.03911 -0.04375 -0.01127 0.00864 -0.04256 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr59"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00266
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr59"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.467
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr59"
 $ Attr60: num [1:10000, 1] 0.051 -0.0304 -0.0383 -0.0378 -0.0323 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr60"
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  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr60"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.25
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr60"
 $ Attr61: num [1:10000, 1] -0.19537 -0.18796 0.00462 -0.31153 -0.16726 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr61"
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  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr61"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.17
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr61"
 $ Attr62: num [1:10000, 1] -0.0254 -0.03 -0.0176 0.0355 -0.0316 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr62"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00686
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr62"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.277
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr62"
 $ Attr63: num [1:10000, 1] -0.1746 -0.0841 -0.2801 -0.516 -0.0436 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr63"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num 0.0208
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr63"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 1.12
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr63"
 $ Attr64: num [1:10000, 1] -0.046 -0.025 -0.0318 -0.046 -0.0212 ...
  ..- attr(*, "dimnames")=List of 2
  .. ..$ : chr [1:10000] "1" "2" "3" "4" ...
  .. ..$ : chr "Attr64"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:center")= Named num -0.00398
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr64"
  ..- attr(*, "scaled:scale")= Named num 0.931
  .. ..- attr(*, "names")= chr "Attr64"
 $ class : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ...

Make “class” to be factor type and create x and y variables

bankruptcy_data$class <- factor(bankruptcy_data$class)
# preparing the inputs
x <- model.matrix(class ~ . - 1, data = bankruptcy_data)
y <- bankruptcy_data$class
dim(bankruptcy_data)
[1] 10000    65

Take smaller dataset sample for development purpose

bankruptcy_small <- bankruptcy_data %>% group_by(class) %>% sample_frac(.08)
bankruptcy_small
table(bankruptcy_small$class)

  0   1 
784  16 
bankruptcy_train <- bankruptcy_small %>% group_by(class) %>% sample_frac(.70)
bankruptcy_train
table(bankruptcy_train$class)

  0   1 
549  11 
bankruptcy_test <- anti_join(bankruptcy_small %>% group_by(class) %>% sample_frac(.90), bankruptcy_train)
Joining, by = c("Attr1", "Attr2", "Attr3", "Attr4", "Attr5", "Attr6", "Attr7", "Attr8", "Attr9", "Attr10", "Attr11", "Attr12", "Attr13", "Attr14", "Attr15", "Attr16", "Attr17", "Attr18", "Attr19", "Attr20", "Attr21", "Attr22", "Attr23", "Attr24", "Attr25", "Attr26", "Attr27", "Attr28", "Attr29", "Attr30", "Attr31", "Attr32", "Attr33", "Attr34", "Attr35", "Attr36", "Attr37", "Attr38", "Attr39", "Attr40", "Attr41", "Attr42", "Attr43", "Attr44", "Attr45", "Attr46", "Attr47", "Attr48", "Attr49", "Attr50", "Attr51", "Attr52", "Attr53", "Attr54", "Attr55", "Attr56", "Attr57", "Attr58", "Attr59", "Attr60", "Attr61", "Attr62", "Attr63", "Attr64", "class")
bankruptcy_test
table(bankruptcy_test$class)

  0   1 
205   5 

Get dimensions


n=dim(bankruptcy_train)[1]
p=dim(bankruptcy_train)[2]
#str(bankruptcy_train)
dim(bankruptcy_train)
[1] 560  65
names(bankruptcy_train)
 [1] "Attr1"  "Attr2"  "Attr3"  "Attr4"  "Attr5"  "Attr6"  "Attr7"  "Attr8"  "Attr9" 
[10] "Attr10" "Attr11" "Attr12" "Attr13" "Attr14" "Attr15" "Attr16" "Attr17" "Attr18"
[19] "Attr19" "Attr20" "Attr21" "Attr22" "Attr23" "Attr24" "Attr25" "Attr26" "Attr27"
[28] "Attr28" "Attr29" "Attr30" "Attr31" "Attr32" "Attr33" "Attr34" "Attr35" "Attr36"
[37] "Attr37" "Attr38" "Attr39" "Attr40" "Attr41" "Attr42" "Attr43" "Attr44" "Attr45"
[46] "Attr46" "Attr47" "Attr48" "Attr49" "Attr50" "Attr51" "Attr52" "Attr53" "Attr54"
[55] "Attr55" "Attr56" "Attr57" "Attr58" "Attr59" "Attr60" "Attr61" "Attr62" "Attr63"
[64] "Attr64" "class" 
typeof(bankruptcy_train)
[1] "list"

A Bayesian logistic regression model

t_prior <- student_t(df = 7, location = 0, scale = 2.5)
post1 <- stan_glm(class ~ . , data = bankruptcy_small,
                 family = binomial(link = "logit"), 
                 prior = t_prior, prior_intercept = t_prior,
                 seed = 42)
starting worker pid=62447 on localhost:11199 at 01:32:20.189
starting worker pid=62461 on localhost:11199 at 01:32:20.571
starting worker pid=62475 on localhost:11199 at 01:32:20.940
starting worker pid=62489 on localhost:11199 at 01:32:21.607

SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'bernoulli' NOW (CHAIN 1).
Chain 1: 
Chain 1: Gradient evaluation took 0.00019 seconds
Chain 1: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 1.9 seconds.
Chain 1: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 1: 
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SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'bernoulli' NOW (CHAIN 2).
Chain 2: 
Chain 2: Gradient evaluation took 0.000204 seconds
Chain 2: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 2.04 seconds.
Chain 2: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 2: 
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SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'bernoulli' NOW (CHAIN 3).
Chain 3: 
Chain 3: Gradient evaluation took 0.000297 seconds
Chain 3: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 2.97 seconds.
Chain 3: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 3: 
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SAMPLING FOR MODEL 'bernoulli' NOW (CHAIN 4).
Chain 4: 
Chain 4: Gradient evaluation took 0.000247 seconds
Chain 4: 1000 transitions using 10 leapfrog steps per transition would take 2.47 seconds.
Chain 4: Adjust your expectations accordingly!
Chain 4: 
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Chain 3: 
Chain 3:  Elapsed Time: 15.9173 seconds (Warm-up)
Chain 3:                12.1774 seconds (Sampling)
Chain 3:                28.0948 seconds (Total)
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Chain 4: 
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